FLA PSYCHOLINGUISTIC

ANALYZING THE SOUND OF PRODUCED BY CHILDREN UNDER FOUR YEAR OLD

by

Cukup Agussalim cakept Saja

A. Background

Language is a social aspect of human life, because language is the most important means of social communication among the members of society. Without language, it seems impossible for people to communicate smoothly. The development of human civilization is to be resulted from the regular society contact which of course involves the use of language.

Language is also closely related to the human thought because language is actually the realization of what one is thinking or the oral representation of human thought. We can not think without language, it is because we use language in our mind when we are thinking. Thus, since human behavior, habit and customs are underlined by way of thinking. Language is closely related to those behavior, habits and customs

In this chapter the writer has done research to three children in different area and background of families. The first research was done on October 06-09, 2007 in ZIPUR area or TNI’s dormitory in Jl. Ujung berung east Bandung. The name of child is Intan Aprilaini 1, 2 years old. And using daily language is Indonesia, so, she quite knows Indonesia language.

The second and the third children were done on October 12 – 15, 2007 in RT / RW. 16/ 04 Dasok Pademawu Pamekasan Madura East Java. The second child is Didik Riyanto 2, 5 years old; the other one is Ulzilaturrahmah 3,9 years old. Because they live in small village and using mother tongue as daily language. But ulzilaturrahmah has been school in kingder garden; she can speak and read a little indoneaia language.

The writer did observation to know their abilty in absorb language. To support the observation, the writer wants to know the character of young children. According to Wendy A.Scott & Libeth H. Yireberg (2003:2) In Teaching English to children said:

The character of the young language learner:

1. They know that the world is governed by rules. They may not always understand the rules, but they know that they are there to be obeyed and the rules help to nurture a feeling of security.

2. They understand situation more quikly and they understand the language used.

3. They use language skill long before they are a ware of them.

4. Their own understanding comes through hand and eyes and ears. Physical world is dominant at all time.

5. Young children are enthusiastic and positive about learning.

It means, we all thrive on doing well and being praised for what we do and this is especially true for kids. It is important to praise them if they keep their enthusiasm and feel successful from the beginning.

From those characteritic it can be concluded that young children have habit to improve their innate capacity by hearing what the people said. They learn language word by word through social interaction. As according to J.D.O. Cannor (1967:1) in Better English pronounciation said:

“Language starts with the ear. When a baby stars to talk he does it by hearing the sound his mother makes and imitating them “

Someone can speak depend on hearing, but just hearing, it is not enough, she or he must listen to it, and it is not for the meaning but for the sound of it. It means that language is habit. So, when we talk something indirectly audience absorbs and imitate.

For example:

Mother: ini radio

Kid : Ni yo

Mother: adik mau makan

Kid : au Kan.

B. Theoritical Review

Language is a social aspect of human life, because language is the most important means of social communication among the members of society. Without language, it seems impossible for people to communicate smoothly. The development of human civilization is to be resulted from the regular society contact that of course involves the use of language.

First language acquisition is a process that takes place in children’s brain when acquiring their first language. First language stars from the very short and simple utterances crying, gurgling, cooking, babbling and other.

Learning language mechanism is habit formation in environment. The child will be conditioned by stimuli in order to produce some kind of response. To make the association or bond strong, learning needs practice (over – learning) and reinforcement. In this session, the role of environment is very important as source of stimuli and reinforcement. From environment will imitate, memorize, practice and over- learning.

According to J.D.O.Connor (1967; 01) in Better English Pronunciation said that:

“Language starts with the ear. When a baby stars to talk, he does it by hearing the sound his mother makes and imitating them “.

So, it can be concluded that Language is habit:

1. Speaking is mouth-action: so, you must use your mouth.

2. Reading is mouth and eye-action: so, you must use your mouth.

3. Listening is ear-action: so, you must use your ear.

4. Writing is hand-action: so, must use your action.

Someone can speak depend on hearing, but just hearing, it is not enough, she or he must listen to it, and it is not for the meaning but for the sound of it. It means that language is habit. Make it habit, she or he will get it. If she or he wants to speak fluently, she or he must have habit in speaking. Speaking is mouth-action, being fussy will make better in speaking.

• Theories In First Language Acquisition

1. Behavioristic Approach

It is also called empiricist / behaviorism / environmentalist that strongly believes that knowledge that a child gets comes from experience.

It is said that environment plays an important role in the process, as a source of stimuli and reinforcement. The environment shapes/forms/ determines the condition and development of the language. So, a language will be learned from imitation, memorization, practice and over-learning.

2. Nativist Approach

This approach believes that humans are given an innately determined language acquisition since they were born. They have innate capacity that given by God. Human beings possess an innate mental capacity for language. It is different cognitive ability for the other kind of learning that is special language mechanism in which induviduals are hard-wired wit syntactic principles, or grammatical rules. As the nature of language is universal, anybody can learn any language. They are exposed to be comparable easily.

The learning process: child is born with language acquisition device (LAD) which is preprogrammed with principles of language that enable children to generate and understand utterences. In this process, the innate capacity plays important role and the environment serves as medium of exposure needed to active the process. The success of producing acceptable form will motivate him/ her to learn further and use the forms more extensively.

3. Interactionist

Focused on the role of cognition and environment.

a. Cognition

The fluency and accurately and contextually spoken language depends on how fast their brains process to construct all input they go. It began to see the language as one manifestation of cognitive ability and affection ability.

b Social Interaction / environment.

Environment has important role to be success in learning language, because a good environment is not a luxury, but a necessity. It means that learning language needs a habit in environment. So, to be successful in learning language, we must live in area in which the language is used.

Both innate capacities, in this case cognition, and quality of the environment, in this case the quality of language input plays inportant role in the process of language development. Actualization of innate knowledge is in the form of engaging the child in interaction with environment to develop their communicative competence.

The role of environment is to enchance the development beyond the level that the child can afford to do by him / her own effort.

C.Methodology

1. Type of study

In this chapter, field research is used as type of study. The objects of the research are three children. Field research is used to describe the reality of children’s abilty in absorbing and imitating language indirectly.

2. Data Source

Data source is used to complete or to support this paper. To collect data is used some sources, they are:

• Library Research

Library research is needed to determine basic grammatical structures, vocabulary and examples which guided us in learning process and to support the contents.

• Reference books

Reference books are needed to support data; in reference books many ideas and opinions can be found. They are used to make the data valid and actual

3. Data Collection Method

The writer took data from the children conversation with other people indirectly.

D. Discussion

In this chapter, the writer wants to know how the children’s abilty in absorbing and imitating language indirectly. . To get data about it, the writer did research by hearing their conversation indirectly. This is part of their conversation:

Bandung 06 October 2007, 07: 30. Intan’s house

Agus: hallo adik, adik mau oleh – oleh?

Intan: oye – oye, ya Om

Agus: Om, bawain adik bakpia, mau?

Intan: au pia

Bandung 07 October 2007, 17.00

Intan’s mother: adik panggil Om agus sana ?

Intan: gil, om ajus ya ma

Intan’s mother: ya, kita makan bareng

Intan: (berteriak) Om, Om, Om, ma em

Intan: sok, au ain cuda – cudaan

Bandung, 09 October 2007, 18.00

Agus: adik Om, mau pulang ya. Itu mobilnya udah nunggu

Intan: Om, ulang ya, kek bil

Intan: ma adik icut, Om

Pamekasan, 12 October 2007.19:30 Didik’s house

Didik: deh tamui buk,

Didik: Om ajus buk

Didik: le-ole apah Om?

Agus: cobak becah (memperlihatkan bakpia ke didik)

Didik: tak ca oh Om, encok cik tak a sacolah Om

Agus: areah nyamanah bakpia

Didik: baaapia ya Om.

Didik: encok dik bil bilan (sambil menunjukkan m)

Pamekasan, 15 October 2007, 18: 00 ulziatur”s house

Ulzilatur: sapora’an kak.

Ulzilatur: pak, Te tenih sengkok macaah

Ulzilatur: “sa…ya per …ji ke sawah ti..ap pagi” benner kan pak

Ulzilatur’s father: Mon, areah apah bacaannah (sambil menunjukkan)

Ulzilatur: ‘’ pe..a ..pa mateh ka k, pak. Te..a.. ta, en..i nyi. Pak tanyi, pak”

Ulzilatur’s father: Terros agi

Ulzilatur: “ be…a..ba, we…a.. wa. Bawa. Ce… a…ca…ka…u… mateh el. Cancul. Bawa cancul”

Intan apriliani

TOKEN/DATA	Phonological level	morphological level	syntax
oye – oye		Oleh - oleh
au pia	[m]+au [bak]+pia	mau bakpia	V+ O
gil, om ajus	[pang]+gil	Panggil, om agus	V+O
sok, au ain cuda – cudaan	[be]+sok [m]+au	Besok, mau kuda-kudaan	V+ O
ulang ya, kek bil	[p]+ulang ya, [pa]+kek, [mo]+bil	Pulang ya, pakek mobil	V + O
icut,		ikut	O

Didik Riyanto

NO	TOKEN/DATA	Phonological level	morphological level	syntax
1	deh mui, buk	[be]+deh,[ta]+mui,[e]+buk	Bedeh tamui, ebuk	V+S + O
2	Om ajus, buk		Om agus, ebuk	S+ O
3	le-ole apah Om		Ole – ole napah	V+O
4	tak ca oh Om		Tak taoh om	V+ O
5	encok cik tak asacolah Om		Sengkok gi’ tak sakolah	S + V + O
6	baaapia ya Om	Ba+[k]+pia	Bakpia	O
7	encok dik bil bilan	[s]+en+[g]+kok, [en]+dik, [mo]+bil,[mo]+bilan	Sengkok endik mobil - mobilan	S + V+O
8

Ulzilaturahmah

NO	TOKEN/DATA	Phonological level	morphological level	syntax
1	“sa…ya per …ji ke sawah ti..ap pagi		Saya pergi ke sawah tiap pagi	S+V + O
2	Pak tanyi		Pak tani	V+ O
3	Bawa cancul		Bawa cangkul	V+O

Based on those tables above, it can be concluded that absorbing and imitating level of children’s developing innate capacity is depended on their environment and ages. We can see among the children, they have different ability in mastering language, such as – speaking and reading activities. The older the age – the higher level in mastering language.

E. Conclussion

As human being, we always get in touch with other people such as- our parent, friends, teachers and any body else wherever and whenever even foreigners. But how we do it? Surely, we carry it out by speaking, what sort of tools do we use to speak? To answer this question, every body is bound to know it obviously that we use language to speak and in speaking

Children learn language based on what they hear in environment and what they already know about the world, the fluency and accurately and contextually spoken language depend on how fast their brain process to contruct all input they got. Social interaction is very important to develop the child innate capacity. So, Environment has important role to be success in learning language, because a good environment is not a luxury, but a necessity. It means that learning language needs a habit in environment. So, to success in learning language, we must live in area in which the language is used

Reference lists

Connor J.D.O, 1967 “Better English Pronunciation” Cambridge at the University Press

A. Scott wendy and lisbeth H. Ytreberg, 2003 “Teaching English to children” longman